Muck and Mystery
   Loitering With Intent
blog - at - crumbtrail.org
May 06, 2008
Dust Devils

It might be worth expanding on the significance of part of the description of Brazilian ag from Grim Romance:

To give one remarkable example, the time between harvesting one crop and planting the next, in effect the downtime for land, has been reduced [to] an astounding thirty minutes.
But in the Ukraine:
Fallow agricultural land and steppe-formation processes are evidently capable of having a much greater effect on global air quality than was previously assumed, according to researchers who examined a dust cloud that formed over parched fields in southern Ukraine and led to extremely high concentrations of particulate matter in Central Europe. . .

Since the 1930s wind erosion in what was then the Soviet Union has increased considerably as a result of collectivisation in agriculture and the resultant large field areas.

In particular, this has affected the regions north of the Caucasus, the lower reaches of the Don river and eastern and southern Ukraine. It is possible that the process is also accelerated by climate change. In particular, previously unaffected semi-arid regions are continuing to dry out.

The problem isn't "a result of collectivisation in agriculture and the resultant large field areas". That's a false narrative, part of the boomer generational neurosis, the romantic idea of peasant agriculture.

Collectivization was in fact a crushingly dumb idea, but not because the fields were large. The problem then and now is failure to implement an effective agronomic system.

When the fallow period of land is brief, as in the Brazilian example, the threat of soil loss due to winds is greatly reduced. There are other ways to mitigate the threat, including no-till systems that don't destroy soil structure or leave bare ground exposed. Cover cropping and inter-cropping also have places. The problem is bare soil pulverized by cultivation, not large fields.

It's not a trivial issue.

A normal dust storm can result in 70 tons of the light black soil being whirled up per hectare per hour.

On 24 March 2007 the dust cloud spread across Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic to Germany. Peak concentrations of between 200 and 1400 micrograms of PM10 particulates per cubic metre were measured. By way of comparison: the EU daily average limit is 50 micrograms per cubic metre. Even if such meteorological conditions would appear to occur relatively infrequently, the unexpected scale of the phenomenon showed a need for a better understanding of the processes that lead to the formation and transport of such large quantities of dust. . .

The black soil in the south of the Ukraine is one of the most fertile soils in the world, but it is also very fine and therefore particularly sensitive to erosion. On 23 March 2007, gusts of wind with speeds of up to 90 kilometres per hour whipped up huge quantities of dust in the steppe. A dust cloud formed that was so large that it was later clearly visible on the weather satellite infrared pictures. . .

The researchers estimated the total mass of the dust cloud to be at least 60,000 tons. That is equivalent to more than 600 wagonloads of sand. The actual mass was probably much greater still, since the measuring devices register only those particles that are smaller than 10 microns (0.01 mm). Czech geologists estimated the total dust load must be about 3 million tons because this Ukrainian "plume" contained also bigger particles till size of 0.5mm. . .

"According to Russian studies, in the past 40 years there have been three to five such dust storms per year on average in the Ukrainian steppe,"

Erosion is only part of the problem of cultivation and fallow fields since it also causes tons of organic matter to be lost through outgasing, contributing large amounts of CO2 and methane to the atmosphere while impoverishing the soil. It also makes soil less able to hold moisture, and so can contribute to desertification in marginal lands.

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